In-line tester board injects errors to validate hardware/software operation or replicate field-error scenarios Sitting between a PCIe board and its host system, the N5323A PCIe Jammer is the first instrument designed to inject faults in line into a PCI Express system. Operating in much the same way as an in-circuit emulator does for validating microprocessor operations, the Jammer is functionally transparent to both the host and the PCIe board, overriding normal system responses to inject errors. The board-instrument can thus be used quickly and easily to either initially validate full system operation or to reproduce errors reported from the field, thereby saving time while increasing visibility and assurance of system performance.